What is Intelligent design?
"The theory of intelligent design (ID) holds that certain features of the universe and of living
things are best explained by an intelligent cause rather than an undirected process such as natural selection. ID is thus a scientific
disagreement with the core claim of evolutionary theory that the apparent design of living systems is an illusion that can be adequately
explained by only natural causes.” [1]
ID should not be confused with biblical creationism as ID looks for intelligence
in nature and biblical creationism starts with the Bible account of creation and interprets nature from that standpoint. ID
does not specify the age of the earth or that the designer is the God of the Bible. [2]
What are the sources of opposition to
ID?
There is not just one source of opposition. Atheists strongly oppose ID because intelligence means there must have
been a designer, a concept that they hate because of its implications, and therefore they prefer to view everything as coming about
by materialistic evolution. Some may oppose ID from the mistaken view that science must involve only naturalistic explanations.
Others may resist change from the current evolutionary dogma that they have been trained to accept. Some may resist because
of the negative propaganda against ID or their scientific associates oppose it. Still others may oppose it for pride, monetary
reasons, and the fear of being expelled. The concept of a designer is not out of the realm of science if science is truly the
objective search for knowledge wherever that search me lead.
Is
ID Science?
ID is science because it is “knowledge about or study of the natural world based on facts learned through experiments and
observation” [3] and utilizes the scientific method. Actually, there is not just one scientific method; however, the one
commonly used utilizes a four step process. That process is indicated below as applied to ID:
1. Observation(s) - “Certain features of the universe and living things” have the appearance of being designed
2. Hypothesis -
“Certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause rather than an undirected process
such as natural selection”
3. Experiment(s)
a. Find what are the indicators of design by intelligent
agents
(1) Irreducible complexity - “a single system composed of several well-matched interacting parts that contribute
to the basic function, wherein the removal of any one of the parts causes the system to effectively cease functioning.” [2]
(2) Specified
complexity - meets all the following requirements
(a) not due to natural law
(b) is
highly improbable
(c) conforms to an independently given pattern [2]
(3) Inference - choose among the alternative competing theories and select the one that provides the best explanation [2] [4]
(4) Anthrophic principle - intelligent design indicated by the remarkable fine- tuning of “over a dozen universal constants (including the strength of gravity, the strength of the electromagnetic force, and the ratio of the masses of the proton and electron)” for life. “If any of these constants were even slightly different, the universe would be uninhabitable.” [2] [5]
(5) Other forms of design detection
b. Compare
empirical evidence for selected features of living things and/or the universe against one or more of the design indicators in
item 3a.
4. Conclusion(s) - state the results and in addition preferably make predictions that may also be tested.
Some
examples of intelligent design include the bacterial flagellum, [6] the biochemistry of animal sight, [7] information in the
DNA transcending natural laws, [8] biological machines in cells, [9] the extreme improbability of one functional protein being made
by chance, [10] the blood coagulation cascade, [11] and the fine-tuning of universal physical constants to support life. [2] [3]
One
criticism of ID is that its adherents have not performed any experiments. The scientific method does not require that scientists
perform experiments if the empirical data can be obtained by research of scientific peer reviewed publications. In recent years,
there have been a tremendous increase in the knowledge of biological systems readily available to ID researchers.
The New
World Encyclopedia reference below provides a good history and summary of intelligent design. It includes ideas on intelligent
design from some of the leading ID theorists.
________________________
[1] Intelligent Design,
http://intelligentdesignnetwork.org/
[2] Intelligent Design, http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Intelligent_design
[3] Science
definition, Merriam-Webster Online, August 20, 2014, http://www.merriam-webster.com/true-or-false/index.htm
[4] Meyer, Steven, Signature
in the Cell: DNA and the Evidence for Intelligent Design, (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2009), 154-159
[5] The Privileged Planet,
DVD, (Illustra Media, 2004), http://www.Illustramedia.com
[6] Behe, Michael, Darwin’s Black Box, (New York: The Free Press,
1996), 69-73
[7] ibid., 18-22
[8] Meyer, 341
[9] Unlocking the Mystery of Life, DVD, (Illustra Media, 2002), Chapter 10, http://www.Illustramedia.com
[10] Meyer, 212
[11] Behe, Chapter 4
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