Amphibian evolving to reptile evolving to mammal, Archeopteryx, bacterial resistance to antibiotics, comparative biology, fact? finches, homology, human and chimp DNA, Neanderthals, Peppered moth, recapitulation, the horse series, extinctions, junk DNA, Lucy, Miller-Urey experiment, Panspermia, stratification and fossils, vestigial organs

Science and the Age of the Earth

Magnetic fields of Earth, Mars and Uranus, accelerated decay and long half-life radioisotopes, radiocarbon in the atmosphere, coal, and diamonds

Mutations, Creation, Evolution

Origins, mutation, the human genome, homologous recombination and variation, reproductive cells, harmful versus beneficial mutations, cancers, source of mutations, DNA repair, recessive genes, most mutations damage function, sickle-cell mutation, hemophilia, fruit flies, TRIM5-CypA protein, CCR5-delta32 mutation, lactase persistence, antibiotic resistance, light-colored and dark-colored Peppered moths, new genes? duplication of a single gene, duplication of a chromosome, substitutions, insertions and deletions, complexity of the human genome

NOAH’S ARK POSSIBILITY PROJECT

:
1. The Animals
2. The Ark
2.1 Specificiations

2.2 Additional Information

2.3 Buoyancy

2.4 Dead Weight

2.5 Carrying Weight Capacity

2.6 Cargo Weight Capacity

2.7 Store's Weight

2.8 Deck Space for Animals

2.9 Deck Space per Animal

3. Conclusions

CURRENT ARTICLES

ORIGINS

Humans and Chimpanzees: 134 of the Differences

Brain, skull, face, nasal structure, ears, jaws and teeth, throat and vocal, hair, sweat glands, body strength and endurance, nuchal ligament, fat, shoulders, arms, hands and wrists, spine, heart, blood, rib cage, gut, pelvis, legs, feet, birth, genome

Mitochondrial Eve: Who, Where, and When?

Most recent common ancestor, biblical dispersion of population, mtDNA mutation rates, Out of Africa, consensus sequence for human mitochondrial DNA

Origin of Life

The Bible and miracles, materialistic science versus miracles, origin of life – a test of miracle (creation) versus materialistic hypothesis, abiogenesis (origin of life) and the first cell(s), deductive logic, hypothesis, predictions; Test 1 - biological proteins self-assembly? right ingredients, place and quantities, minimum number and average size of proteins required for life, useful amino acid residue sequences, chirality, peptide bonds, probability calculations; Test 2 – prebiotic soup and cell membrane; Test 3 – biological protein assembly process; Test 4 – DNA for proteins formed by chance? genetic code, useful amino acid residue sequences, chirality, bonding, probability calculations; Test 5 – intelligence, junk DNA? complex information system

Evolution Falsified?

Falsifiability, species, circumvention, Cambrian explosion, cell membranes, DNA and RNA catch-22, protein improbability, flagellum, metamorphosis, Pacific golden plover, mammal knee joint, flight feathers, Artic terns, adult giraffes, clownfish, African bombardier beetles, juvenile wingless mantises, biochemistry of vision, cilium, the blood coagulation cascade, immune system, vesicular transport, male and female sex organs, bird wing struts, woodpeckers, Australian incubator birds, eggshell’s cone like pores, beaver nose and ear flaps, duck-billed platypus, zipper black and yellow garden spiders, gecko lizard suction cups, chuckwalla lizard salt, human eye, human ear, dolphin’s sonar, humpback whales, sperm whales, dragonflies, sea turtles, salmons, hippopotamuses, glowworms, bears, elephants, lampsilis, horses, ostriches, cuttlefishes, octopuses, squids, emperor penguins, melopina bees, manatees, butterfly behavior, hummingbirds, dog’s sense of smell, fish, bats

Flight Feathers

Fossil feather finds, scales and filaments, types of feathers, feathers are very complex structures, preening, feather replacement

Bombardier Beetles' Defense: by Design or Chance

Explosive chemical spray, Stenaptinus insignis, hallmarks of design, sophisticated and specialized biological design, sensory, brain, nerves, dual tracts with identical parts, secretory lobes, collection tubes, main tube, reservoir, striated muscle, thin tube from reservoir, valve, lobes, combustion chamber, exhaust tube, exhaust valve, exhaust turret, deflector plates

Horse Evolution

Naturalism, gradual progression, series, similarity, natural selection, variability, vestigial, Anchippus, Anchitherium, Dinohipus, Equus, Hippidion, Hipparion, Hypohippus, Hyracotherium (Eohippus), Kalobatippus, Merychippus, Mesohippus, Miohippus, Nannippus, Neohipparion, Orohippus, Parahippus, Pliohippus, Protohippus, Protorohippus

How Mantises Defy Evolution

Flexible joint to rotate head 180 degrees, 3-D vision, programmed to calculate precise distance to prey, ear to detect ultrasound

SCIENCE

Intelligent Design

What is intelligent design? what are the sources of opposition to ID? Is ID science? observation(s), hypothesis, experiment(s), conclusions

Are Special Creation and/or Evolution Science?

Definitions of science, exact science, deductive logic, inductive logic

The Cases for Evolution and Special Creation

Fossil record, transitional forms, missing links, chimp and human DNA, mathematical improbability, complexity, intelligence and information, mutations degrade

TIME

Carbon-14 Versus the Conventional Geologic Time Scale

Accelerator mass spectrometer, Bristlecone pine, coal, conventional geologic time scale, cross matching, dating method, dendrochronology, Genesis flood, Old Tjikko, Pando clone, young versus old Earth

The White Cliffs of Dover

Geological setting, purity of the chalk, conventional age estimate, rapid chalk accumulation supported, large animals found in various chalk formations, coccolithophore concentrations, Genesis flood

Polystate Tree Fossils

Geological strata, fossil trees and tree-like plants through multiple strata, global flood catastrophism versus long-age uniformitarianism, polystrates as evidence for catastrophism, uniformitarian statements

Joggins Fossil Cliffs

Geological setting, Joggins cliffs as viewed by a long-age uniformitarian geologist, evidence pointing to rapid crust formation at Joggins cliffs, were the plants at Joggins grown there? evidence against autochthonous growth of fossil plants, coal beds do not prove a long lapse of time

Dinosaur Extinction

Eleven evidences for when, accelerated radioactive decay, carbon-14 dating, coal and carbon-14, dating assumptions, detectable carbon-14, testing, ammonite shells, coal and wood, dinosaur bones, mosasaur bone, dinosaur, ichthyosaur, and mosasaur soft tissue, dinosaur DNA

Paluxy River Dinosaur Tracks Challenges ...

Carbon-14, dinosaur tracks, dinosaur bone testing, geologic time scale problems, Glen Rose formation

NATURE PHOTO GALLERIES

PLANTS

Fossil Plants

Sphenopteris, Neuropteris dussartii, Botrychites reheensis, Neuropteris, Pecopteris, Neuropteris? cedar leaf, Bothrodendron minutifolium, 4 unresearched plants, Blue Forest petrified wood, pinecone of Thouronien, Sigillaria bark, unresearched fossil flower, Pecopteris

Blossoms

Different blossoms (42)

Leaves a Work of Art

Different leaves (62)

AMPHIBIANS (EXTANT)

Frogs & Toads

California toad, tree frogs (4)? Reinvart's Gliding Frog

BIRDS (EXTANT)

Birds

Physical characteristics, source, American crow, barn owl, black phoebe, Brewer’s blackbird, California quail, cormorant, Eurasian collared dove, great egret, green-backed goldfinches, heron, house finch, house sparrow, hummingbird, killdeer plover, mallard duck, mockingbird, mourning dove, Oregon towhee, red-shafted woodpecker, redwing blackbird, rock pigeon, sandpiper, snowy egret, Swainson hawk, turkey vulture, western bluebird, western grebe, western grasshopper sparrow, western robin, western scrub-jay, white-crowned sparrow

Ostrich

Physical characteristics, skull, lower leg and foot bones, feathers

MAMMALS (MARINE EXTANT)

W. Indian Manatee

Physical characteristics, picture, fossil teeth, flipper bone, inner ear bone, and atlas and axis vertebrae

MAMMALS? (MARINE EXTINCT?)

Keichousaurus

Fossil skeleton in matrix

Mosasaurs

Physical characteristics, platecarpus skeleton, artist’s depiction of clidastes, halisaurus partial jaw and teeth in matrix, mosasaur skull drawing, premaxilla with other fossils in matrix, globidens and other mosasaur teeth, Globidens alabamensis, tylosaurus carbonized scales, mosasaur paddle bone and tooth in matrix, Mosasaurus camperi, mosasaur paddle bones, Clidastes propython fossils, mosasaur vertebra fossils (3)

Plesiosaurus

Physical characteristics, range, fossil skeleton, vertebra, and tooth

MAMMALS (LAND EXTANT)

Rodents and Moles

USA: Ground squirrel, flying squirrel, tree squirrel, field mouse, gopher, beaver skull, muskrat skull, guinea pig, rabbit, jack rabbit, mole

MAMMALS (LAND EXTINCT)?

Oreodonts

Physical characteristics, range, Leptauchenia, Merycoidodon, fossil skeleton, fossil skull, vertebra, leg bones, and teeth, artists’ depictions

Subhyracodons

Articulated skeleton, skull drawing, fossil teeth, thoracic vertebra, tarsals, carpals, metatarsal or metacarpal partial, and phalanges, artists’ depictions

Titanotheres

Physical characteristics, range, Megacerops, Palaeosyops, Sphenocoelus, Manteoceras and Dolichorhinnus, fossil skeletons, vertebra, teeth, kneecap, and metatarsal, artists’ depictions

Wooly Rhinoceros

Physical characteristics, range, fossil upper skull, mandible, teeth, atlas vertebra, another cervical vertebra, thoracic vertebra, drawings of fore and hind foot bones, calcaneum, astragalus and metacarpal or metatarsal (2)

MARINE LIFE

Sea Life

Cleaner shrimp, sea urchin test, seashells of turbo, green turbo, top, murex (3), cone, conch, unresearched (4), horse, cowrie (5), turritella (2), land (5), bonnet, spiny oyster, unresearched oyster, mussel, abalone (2), limpet (2), Atlantic turkey wings, clam (3), white arc clam, scallop, and flat, coral (4), Florida sand dollar, western sand dollar, sea star, sugar sea star, horseshoe crab, sand crab, Dungeness crab, walrus skin, clownfish, sea horse, barnacle pair, sea otters, chiton shell plate

Water Animal Fossils

Sea snails Ecphora gardnerae,and vasum sp., orthoceras, oyster pelecypod, trilobites flexicalymene, Peronopsis interstricta, Ogyginus corndensis, Elrathia kingi, otarion sp., Hollardrops merocrista, Eldredgeia venustus, and kainops, ammonites pavlovia, perisphinetes, and unreached, belemite, gastropod poleumita, brachiopods Gypidula galeata, Mucrospirite thedordensis, neospifer? pseudoatrypa sp., and unresearched (2), bivalve Anadara diluvia, fish Palaeospondylus gunni, gosiutichtys, Diplomystus dentatus, Jianghanichthys hubeiensis, knightia eocaena, and Lycopterq davidi, floating crinoid Saccocoma pectinata, shrimp carpopenaeus, jelly fish, conulariid, echinoid Rhyncholampas gouldi, crinoids baby phacelocrinus, Archimedes, and unidentified, cystoids glyptocystites

REPTILES (EXTINCT)?

Deinonychus

Physical characteristics, range, fossil cervical vertebra and tooth

Edmontosaurus

Physical characteristics, range, fossil vertebrae, tooth, partial jaw, phalanges, and claw, artist’s depiction

Pachycephalosaurus

Physical characteristics, range, fossil teeth, claw, skull knobs, and phalanx, artist’s depiction

Psittacosaurus

Articulated skeleton, fossil vertebrae, tibia and fibula

Thescelosaurus

Physical characteristics, range, skeleton, skull details, fossil premaxillary tooth, portion of mandible, and vertebra, Thescelosaurus neglectus skeleton

Triceratops

Physical characteristics, range, artists’ depictions, fossil teeth, skull partials including occipital process, rib, phalanx? caudal vertebra, vertebra process

REPTILES (EXTANT)

Reptiles

Horned lizard, unidentified lizard, gopher snake, garter snake, flying dragon, broad-headed woodlizard, frilled lizard, giant girdled lizard, brown basilisk, common iguana

SKELETONS

Fossil Vertebrae

Plesiosaurus, cave bear lumbar, large mammal thoracic, subhyracodon thoracic, sloth, mammal thoracic, edmontosaurus caudal

Atlas Vertebrae

Woolly mammoth, cetacean, odontocete, horse, bison (3), cow, white tail deer, unresearched, wild boar, coyote, otter, grey fox, bobcat, racoon marten, beaver, muskrat, gopher, flying squirrel

Axis Vertebrae

Deinonychus, horse, bison (2), unresearched, white tail deer, whale (2), racoon, flying squirrel

Bison Skeleton

Occidentalus bison skeleton drawing; vertebrae atlas, axis, other cervical (2), thoracic (2), lumbar; sacrum

Hawk Skeleton

Swainson hawk: feathers and disarticulated skeleton

Horse Skeleton

Equus horse skeleton and profile drawing; mandible with teeth, vertebrae atlas, axis, other cervical, 1^st thoracic; sacrum, calcaneum, astragalus, metatarsals (2), phalanges 1^st, 2^nd, and 3^rd, hoof, metacarpals (2)

Racoon Skeleton

Disarticulated skeleton, racoon

Skulls & Jaws

Beaver, bobcat, coyote, fox, Swainson hawk, mink, muskrat, otter, porcupine, racoon, badger, skunk, ostrich, kingfisher, platain squirrel shrew, pipistrelle bat

White Tailed Deer

Buck, vertebrae: atlas, axis, 3^rd, and another cervical, thoracic; sacra (2)

TEETH

Elephant Teeth

Mammoth: USA (2), UK (2), N. Sea (1); mastodon: USA (2) plus (2) partials; UK: (2); gomphothere? Florida, USA (1); proboscidean Florida USA, (1) partial; African elephant (2); Asiatic elephant (1)

Fossil Teeth

Alligator, edmontosaurus, deer, mosasaur, desmostylus, cave bear, globbins, equus, dromaeosaur, hydracodon, hesperocyon, eumys, kogiopsis, otter, oreodont, spinosaur, pterosaur, triceratops, Poebrotherium wilsoni? bison, paloeolama? ischromys? tapir, palaeolagus, racoon

Mako Shark Teeth

Complete jaws with teeth

ZOO ANIMALS

Fresno Chaffee Zoo

Birds: grey crowned crane, American flamingo, egret, brown pelican, black-necked stilt, grey-necked rail, Andean condor (2), emu, ostrich, greater rhea, crested screamer, blue and yellow macaw, Inca tern, sulfur crested cockatoo, pied imperial pigeon, pink-backed pelican, roseate spoonbill, piusested jay? rhinoceros hornbill, rose-breasted cockatoo, sacred ibis, scarlet ibis, ringed teal, white-faced whistling duck, sun conure, sun bittern, green aracari, chicken; mammals: Malayan tiger, Asian elephant, African lion, addax, common eland, greater kudu (m and f), common wildebeest, Speke’s gazelle, common warthog, Chacoan peccary, Malayan tapir, llamas (2), plains zebra, white rhino, red kangaroo, sloth bear, blue duikers, Sumatran orangutan, golden lion tamarin, California sea lion, otter, ring-tailed lemur, reticulated giraffe, goats (2), two-toed sloth, six-banded armadillos; reptiles: chuckwalla, Komodo dragon, unidentified lizards (5), Standing’s day gecko, prehensile-tailed skink, American alligator, radiated tortoise, spider tortoise, African spurred tortoises, Egyptian tortoise, unidentified tortoise, Gila monsters, common boa, emerald tree boa, Taylor’s cantil, unidentified snake

Santa Barbara Zoo

Birds: toco toucan, unidentified pelican, black necked swan, Inca tern, bald eagle, Andean condor, Chilean flamingo, blue and yellow macaws (2), Humboldt penguins (3), sulfur crested cockatoo, unidentified birds (2 visiting), California woodpecker (visiting); mammals: western lowland gorilla, golden lion tamarin, white-eared tilt monkey, Asian elephant, Masai giraffes (2), African lion, fennel fox, giant anteater, capybara, meerkats, sheep, goat, pig, domesticated rabbit; amphibians: unidentified frogs; reptiles: unidentified tortoise, American alligator

Toledo Zoo

African elephant, Komodo dragon, amur tiger, ankole-watusi cattle, southern white rhinoceroses? unidentified large snake and unidentified bird

ARTHROPODS

Burma Amber

Fossils of cockroach, beetles (8), flies (8), mayfly, cicadas (3), bugs (5), ants (2) wasps (3), termites (3), mantises (2), scorpion fly, Bristletail, Sisyridae, crickets (3), grasshoppers (2), stink bug, bark lice (2), thrips (2), unidentified 4 wing insects (6), larvae (3), spiders (3), pseudoscorpion, tick?, millipedes (2)

Fossil Insects

USA, Dominican Republic, and China (13)

Ants & Termites

Central California, USA: (9)

Aphids & Mealybugs

Central California, USA: aphids (2), mealy bugs (2)

Bees & Wasps

Central California, USA: bees (15), wasps (10)

Beetles

Central California (37); Southeast Asia: stag, scarab m and f, jewel, violin, neicerumbyse, longhorned, red speckled jewel, ghost stag, brown rhinoceros, bamboo weevil, green scarab, Wallace’s longhorned

Butterflies & Moths

Central California butterflies: monarch, anise swallowtail, red admiral, common buckeye, gray hairstreak, west coast lady, western tiger swallowtail, painted lady, marine blue, eufala skipper, fiery skipper, unidentified skipper, orange sulfur (m), cabbage white, western pygmy blue; Southeast Asia butterflies: vagrant, great orange tip, common nawab, common albatross, common tiger, common Indian crow, blue emperor Ulysses, unidentified (2), common map, common birdwing, eastern striped albatross, common bluebottle, red spot, spot swordtail, tawny rajah; North American butterflies: great southern white, spice bush, Julia heliconian (2), common buckeye, atala, zebra heliconian, unidentified swallowtail, queen, pinevine swallowtail; Central California moths: white-lined sphinx (2), meal, Dargida procinctus, , black cutworm, Indian meal, unidentified (25) Worldwide moths: atlas, giant leopard (m), nudaurelia, hemileuca, salt marsh, luna, pink white lined sphinx, pink spotted sphinx, cecropia, unidentified (6); North America moth: cecropia

Centipedes and Millipedes

Centipedes: Central California (2), Indonesia (1); millipede: Central California (1)

Cicadas

Indonesia and Thailand (5)

Dragonflies & Damselflies

Dragonflies: Central California (8), Connecticut, USA (3), Indonesia (1); damselflies: Central California (5), Indonesia (1)

Earwigs & Silverfishes

Central California: Earwigs (2), Silverfishes (20)

Flies

Central California (61)

Grasshoppers & Crickets

Grasshoppers: Central California (12), Connecticut (3), Indonesia (5); katydids: Central California (4), Connecticut (2), Texas (1), Peru (1); crickets: Central California (7)

Hoppers

Central California: variegated leafhoppers, unidentified hopper, unidentified beach hopper, three-cornered alfalfa

Land Crustations

Central California: pill bug, woodlouse

Lanternflies

Indonesia (4)

Leaf Insects

Java, Indonesia: leaf insects m and f; Central California: walking stick

Mantises

Physical characteristics, jeweled flower m, f, and juvenile, leaf mimic, dead leaf m and f, giant Asian m and f, Asian jumping m an f, unresearched (6), Carolina, mantidfly not mantis

Misc. Insects

Central California: western leaf-footed bug, leafhopper assassin bug, green stinkbug, small milkweed bug, green lacewing, brown lacewing, beaded lacewing, antlions (2), unidentified cockroaches (3), German cockroach, caddisfly, peanut burrower bug, unidentified insects (14)

Scorpions

Chile, Indonesia, W. Africa: scorpions (4); Central California: wind scorpion; Thailand: whip scorpion

Spiders

Central California (27), Southeast Asia (5)

Larvae

Central California: antlion, codling moth, moth or butterfly, ladybug (3); Indonesia: lampyridae

NON-ARTHROPOD INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS

Gastropods

Central California: slug, snail

Worm

Central California: earthworm

Links for all bold titles are found on the Home page.