How old are the Grand Canyon Paleozoic sedimentary formations?
The Grand Canyon is truly a grand display of massive amounts
of water borne sediments turned into rock strata (layers) and the power of water eroding them. A cross sectional representation of
the various rock formations in the Grand Canyon is shown in Figure 1, including formation names and their approximate conventional
ages. The conventional age assigned to the Tapeats Sandstone, [a] is around 508 [1] to 525 million years BP and the uppermost sedimentary
formation, the Kaibab Formation, is assigned 270 million years BP. Carving of the Grand Canyon is conventionally assumed to have begun
60 to 70 million years BP.
Sedimentary strata are normally laid down flat or very nearly flat. Folding [b] of the sedimentary strata
without fracturing within and around the Grand Canyon can potentially provide convincing evidence that the canyon’s Paleozoic sedimentary
layers were all laid down in a brief time not millions of years.
Unconfined rock is weak in tension and will not bend without fracturing
in the outside part of the bend that is in tension. Sedimentary strata will bend without fracturing if they are:
1. still soft (plastic) having not yet hardened into rock (lithification). The process for
waterborne sedimentary layers hardening into rock under the right conditions “does not take long.” [2] “It is known to occur within
hours but generally takes days or months, depending on the prevailing conditions”. [3] Or,
2. hard rock under high enough confining pressure [c] and heat to become plastic through metamorphic changes within the rock. These metamorphic
changes will remain after deformation and be visible under a microscope.
So, strata that have folded without fracturing and have no
metamorphic changes within show that they were soft and young at the time of folding.
Folds in the sedimentary rock layers that dominate
the Grand Canyon result from faults deep underground that have folded but not broken the surface layers from the Tapeats Sandstone
to Kaibab Formation. Such is the case for the East Kaibab monocline [d] [4] that traverses the canyon north across its east end and
is paralleled by the Butte fault. This monocline is “a compound flexure downthrown 2000 to 5000 feet on the east side...” [5] It is
most visible from the Desert View Watchtower. [6] A part of the hinge zone of this monocline is visible in Carbon Canyon revealing
that the Tapeats Sandstone was bent 900 within about 100 feet (30 meters) without fracturing. [7][8] Under microscopic analysis, no
metamorphic changes were visible in a sandstone sample from this hinge; nor was this sample different microscopically from Tapeats
Sandstone samples taken from other places in the Grand Canyon. [9] (Details of the above Tapeats Sandstone research findings are available
in Reference [10]). So, the Tapeats sediment had to be soft at the time of folding and had to be young. “Similarly, the folded Muav
and Redwall Limestone layers can be seen along nearby Kwagunt Creek... The folding of these limestones did not cause them to
fracture and break either.” [11]
All East Kaibab monocline layers, Tapeats to Kaibab, folded together at the same time. From the superposition
principle, the layers above must be younger than the layers below. And the Tapeats Sandstone, the lowest formation, was young at the
time it was folded, Therefore, all sedimentary layers above the Tapeats Sandstone must also have been young during folding and were
originally deposited shortly after this sandstone.
Returning to the question: How old are the Grand Canyon Paleozoic sedimentary formations?
They were not formed over millions of years and are nearly the same age as would be expected if deposited by a worldwide flood as
described in the book of Genesis in the Bible. From the biblical record, they were formed about 4,300 years BP.
Notes:
[a] Sandstone – “A detrital sedimentary rock formed by the cementation of individual grains of sand size and commonly composed
of mineral quartz.” [12]
[b] Fold - “A bent layer or series of layers that were originally horizontal and subsequently deformed.”
[13]
[c] Confining pressure in geology is equal pressure on all sides of a rock.
[d] “Monoclines are folds consisting of
two horizontal (or nearly so) limbs connected by a shorter inclined limb.” [14]
Photographs:
(a) Jean-Christophe BENOIST,
CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
(b) brewbooks from near Seattle,
USA, CC BY-SA 2.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
The use of these photographs does not
mean that their copyright holders agree with the information or conclusions on this web page.
References:
[1] “Numeric Ages of
the Grand Canyon Rocks,” National Park Service, internet viewed May 2024
[2] Morris, J., “The Geology Book,” (Green Forest, AR: Master
Books, 2000),46
[3] Snelling, A., “Rock Layers Folded Not Fractured,” 82, https://assets.answersingenesis.org/doc/articles/pdf-versions/rock-layers.pdf
[4]
Ibid., Figure 2
[5] Babenroth, D., Strahler, A, “Geomorphology and Structure of the East Kaibab Monocline, Arizona and Utah,” Research
Article, GSA Bulletin, February 1, 1945, Geo Science World, internet viewed May 2024
[6] “Grand Canyon National Park Arizona, Faults,”
National Park Service, internet viewed May 2004
[7] Snelling, A., “Rock Layers Folded Not Fractured,” Cover photo and Figure 3
[8] Snelling,
A., “Earth’s Catastrophic Past, Volume 2,” (Dallas, TX: Institute of Creation Research, 2009), 601
[9] Snelling, A., “Rock Layers Folded
Not Fractured,” 83
[10] Snelling, A., “The Carbon Canyon Fold, Eastern Grand Canyon, Arizona,” Answers Research Journal, Volume 16
(2023), Abstract and Summary of Findings, internet viewed May 2024
[11] Snelling, A., “Rock Layers Folded Not Fractured,” 82
[12] Leet,
L., Judson, S, “Physical Geology,” Third Edition, (United States of America: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1965), 393
[13] Lutgens, F., Tarbuck,
E., “Essentials of Geology,” Ninth Edition, (USA: Pearson Education, Inc., 2006), 472
[14] “Monocline,” Encyclopedia.com